![]() Both of them aim to produce biocompatible, implantable constructs for tissue/organ regeneration, thus we refer to 3D printing in the context of bioactive scaffold fabrication as “bioprinting”. 3D printing of bioactive scaffolds contains two types of scaffold fabrication: acellular functional scaffolds which incorporate biological components, and cell-laden constructs aiming to replicate native analogues. It offers very precise spatiotemporal control on placement of cells, proteins, DNA, drugs, growth factors, and other bioactive substances to better guide tissue formation for patient-specific therapy. In the past three decades, 3D bioprinting has been widely developed to directly or indirectly fabricate 3D cell scaffolds or medical implants for the field of regenerative medicine. Therefore, in the regeneration field, it can provide an excellent alternative for biomimetic scaffold fabrication by accurately positioning multiple cell types and biofactors simultaneously into complex multi-scale architectures that better represent the structural and biochemical complexity of living tissues or organs. This automated, additive process facilitates the manufacturing of 3D products having precisely controlled architecture (external shape, internal pore geometry, and interconnectivity) with highly reproducibility and repeatability. ģD printing is a rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing technique used to fabricate complex architecture with high precision through a layer-by-layer building process. These requirements cannot be fulfilled using traditional methods. Although significant successes have been achieved in engineered tissues, both in research and clinical applications, it is obvious that complex 3D organs require more precise multicellular structures with vascular and neural network integration. ![]() However, most 3D scaffolds currently fabricated with traditional techniques lack these qualities. Biomimetic design of the scaffolds, including 3D structural characteristics and physical properties, can substantially enhance the physiological performance through appropriate cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, further enhancing biological functions. When designing a tissue engineered scaffold, the combination of material, biological and engineering requirements must be considered in an application-specific manner. Presently, tissue engineering approaches have been widely studied in cartilage, bone, skin, vascular tissue and nerve regeneration, among others. In the search for alternatives to conventional treatment strategies for the repair or replacement of missing or malfunctioning human tissues and organs, tissue engineering approaches are being explored as a promising solution. Often, clinical treatments are limited by a paucity of available donors and immune rejection of donated tissue. Organ dysfunction or failure is drastically increasing due to traumatic injury and disease. The cells in these organs are highly specialized and group together to perform distinctive functions. Human organs are highly complex structures formed by the combined, functional organization of multiple tissue types. We conclude with current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of 3D organ bioprinting. We focus on the applications of this technology for engineering living organs, focusing more specifically on vasculature, neural networks, the heart and liver. ![]() Here we provide an overview of recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology, as well as design concepts of bioinks suitable for the bioprinting process. It enables precise control over multiple compositions, spatial distributions, and architectural accuracy/complexity, therefore achieving effective recapitulation of microstructure, architecture, mechanical properties, and biological functions of target tissues and organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is evolving into an unparalleled bio-manufacturing technology due to its high-integration potential for patient-specific designs, precise and rapid manufacturing capabilities with high resolution, and unprecedented versatility. Regenerative medicine holds the promise of engineering functional tissues or organs to heal or replace abnormal and necrotic tissues/organs, offering hope for filling the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs. ![]()
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